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Sources
The guides and tables on this site keep their citations here, in one place. Each figure can be traced to one of the documents below; links open the original publisher, and we do not host copies. How the tables are compiled is on the methodology page.
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The two research figures in the numbers band. The land-price range and the moratorium count come from the deal and restriction tables below.
Land-price guide: 42 deal and listing records
One record per row of the tables in How much do data centers pay for land? — 38 reported transactions and 4 asking prices, compiled 2026-10-17. Each links to the county record, filing, listing or named report it comes from.
- Closed sale Leesburg (Twin Creeks), Loudoun County, VA — Data Center Sale Sets New Loudoun Price Record, Loudoun Now · 2025-11-07
- Closed sale Gainesville, Prince William County, VA — In data center zone, property sells for more than $160M, Prince William Times · 2025-10-16
- Closed sale Bristow (Devlin Tech Park), Prince William County, VA — Reports: Amazon Acquires Data Center Site in Northern Virginia for $700M, REBusiness Online · 2025-11-11
- Closed sale Gainesville, Prince William County, VA — Microsoft acquires 124 acres in Virginia's Prince William County for $465.5m, Data Center Dynamics (citing Washington Business Journal / InsideNoVa) · 2024
- Closed sale Northern Virginia (site not named), VA — Data Center Land Deals Surged 141% In Q1, Warping The Market For Everyone Else, Bisnow (Avison Young data) · 2026-05-28
- Closed sale Gainesville, Prince William County, VA — Data Center Boom Pushes Prince William Land to Nearly $1M an Acre, Data Center Frontier · 2021-04-27
- Not closed Dulles (Western Lands), Loudoun County, VA — MWAA Announces Sale of 424 Acres of Western Lands at Dulles International, AviationPros (MWAA press release) · 2018-09-24
- Closed sale Ashburn, Loudoun County, VA — Digital Realty Acquires 13-Acre Property In Ashburn, Baxtel (quoting Washington Business Journal) · 2019-05-23
- Closed sale Ashburn (Beaumeade), Loudoun County, VA — Digital Realty Acquires 13-Acre Property In Ashburn (comparison deal), Baxtel (quoting Washington Business Journal) · 2019-05-23
- Closed sale Ashburn, Loudoun County, VA — Equinix Heats Up Data Center Alley's Landgrab Rush, Data Center Knowledge · 2017-02-27
- Closed sale Lamar County, near I-75, GA — Amazon Buys $270M Land Development Near Atlanta For Data Center, Black Enterprise · 2025-08
- Closed sale Monroe County, near I-75, GA — Google: Monroe County Data Center, Baxtel · 2025-10
- Closed sale Mesa (Hawes Crossing), Maricopa County, AZ — 165 acres of land are acquired at auction by Novva DC in Mesa, Arizona, Baxtel (citing Phoenix Business Journal & AZCentral) · 2023-09-01
- Closed sale Mesa, Maricopa County, AZ — EdgeCore: Mesa Expansion, Baxtel · 2025
- Closed sale Buckeye, Maricopa County, AZ — Developer Buys $22M Arizona Site for Data Center Bet, Data Center Knowledge (Bloomberg) · 2025-02-20
- Closed sale Buckeye, Maricopa County, AZ — Arizona Land Deal Shows AI-Fueled Demand for Data Centers, CRE Daily (citing Wall Street Journal) · 2024-08-28
- Closed sale Goodyear, Maricopa County, AZ — Microsoft Adds to Goodyear Data Center Property, Connect CRE (citing Phoenix Business Journal) · 2026-06-08
- Closed sale El Mirage, Maricopa County, AZ — Microsoft buys land in El Mirage for data center, Arizona Technology Council (citing Phoenix Business Journal) · 2024-06
- Closed sale Mount Pleasant, Racine County, WI — Microsoft's Foxconn Mount Pleasant land purchase completed, FOX6 Milwaukee · 2023-05-25
- Closed sale Mount Pleasant, Racine County, WI — Microsoft acquires vast pumpkin farm land for over 10 billion yen, GIGAZINE (citing Milwaukee Business Journal and The Verge) · 2023-12-23
- Closed sale Mount Pleasant, Racine County, WI — Microsoft buys 205 acres near Racine County data center development, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (Tom Daykin), via AOL/USA TODAY Network · 2024-07-29
- Closed sale New Albany area, Licking County, OH — Microsoft buys land along Licking County border, NBC4 WCMH · 2023-06-22
- Closed sale New Albany area, Licking County, OH — Microsoft buys land along Licking County border, NBC4 WCMH · 2023-06-22
- Closed sale New Albany, Licking County, OH — Google subsidiary acquires 85-acre site in New Albany, ABC6 WSYX · 2025-06-16
- Closed sale Johnstown area, Licking County, OH — EdgeConnex: Johnstown North Campus, Baxtel · not stated
- Closed sale Granger / Mishawaka area, St. Joseph County, IN — Microsoft acquires land in Granger for data center, Inside Indiana Business · 2024-06-04
- Closed sale Van Meter (Des Moines area), Dallas County, IA — COPT Defense Acquires Land for Data Center Shell Development near Des Moines, IA, COPT Defense Properties (press release) · 2024-10-28
- Closed sale Lincoln, Lancaster County, NE — Company behind Lincoln data center buys large swath of land, KLKN-TV (AP) · 2019-11-06
- Closed sale North Las Vegas, Clark County, NV — Novva Data Centers Acquires 205 Acres Of Land In Las Vegas, Baxtel (citing Las Vegas Review-Journal) · 2025-08-29
- Closed sale Rockdale area, Milam County, TX — Singapore's Bitdeer buys 200 acres in Texas for $100M for AI data center expansion, TechNode Global · 2026-09-03
- Not closed Graham, Young County, TX — Plug Power Form 8-K Exhibit 99.1 (press release), Plug Power / SEC EDGAR · 2026-07-13
- Not closed Hill County (unincorporated), TX — $80M offer values Hill County land at about $100K an acre, KWTX (Gray TV) · 2026-06-29
- Not closed Swatara Township, Dauphin County, PA — Dauphin County golf course sold for $45.6 million, abc27 (WHTM) · 2025
- Not closed Kulai, Malaysia — EcoWorld sells land in Iskandar Malaysia to data centre firm for RM402m, EdgeProp Malaysia · 2024-06-11
- Not closed Kota Tinggi, Malaysia — MSFusion buys US$62.3 million Johor land for data center, W.Media · 2025-09-03
- Not closed Leeds, United Kingdom — 48 Acres of Land to Change Hands in England for Hyperscale Data Center Development, IREI · 2024-06-28
- Not closed Eastern Creek (Sydney), Australia — NEXTDC acquires new Sydney data centre site S7, NEXTDC (company release / ASX) · 2024-10-17
- Closed sale La Muela (Zaragoza), Spain — Microsoft buys 84.4 hectares in Zaragoza for EUR14M to build its 2nd Data Centre, Iberian Property · 2023-11-27
- Asking price Osceola County, FL — 5300 North Canoe Creek Road, CBRE listing · 2026 (listing)
- Asking price Goshen, Utah County, UT — Premier Data Center Development Site, Goshen UT, Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Utah listing · 2025-11-04
- Asking price Taylor County (Abilene area), TX — West Texas Cowboys Are Cashing In on the AI Land Rush, OilPrice.com (Michael Kern) · 2026-07-08
- Asking price Clonee, Co. Meath, Ireland — 400,000 sq ft of land between two Facebook data centers for sale near Dublin, Ireland, Data Center Dynamics · likely 2021 (tender Thursday May 6; year not shown in snippet)
Market reports and farmland benchmarks used on the same page
- Data Center Knowledge — AI data center land buying hits $6B as power premiums rise · 2026-10-14
- Bisnow (Avison Young data) — Data center sites are warping the market for developable land · 2026-05-28
- $80M offer values Hill County land at about $100K an acre — KWTX · 2026-06-29
- West Texas Cowboys Are Cashing In on the AI Land Rush — OilPrice.com · 2026-07-08
- Data Center Boom Pushes Prince William Land to Nearly $1M an Acre — Data Center Frontier · 2021-04-27
- multiple (Loudoun Now 2025-11-07; Bisnow 2026-05-28; EdgeProp 2024-06-11) — various · 2025-11-07
- Land Values 2026 Summary (cropland table) — USDA NASS · 2026-07-31
- Land Values 2025 Summary — USDA NASS · 2025-08-01
- Texas Land Values Reach $5,214 Per Acre in 2025 — The Land Report (Texas Real Estate Research Center data) · 2026
- Bisnow — Powered land: the $1M-an-acre asset fueling the data center frenzy · 2026-01-29
Site selection guide
Reports and filings quoted in the site selection guide. Its incentive and restriction tables are sourced row by row in the two lists further down.
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory — 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report · 2024-12-20
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory — Queued Up: 2026 Edition · 2026-06
- CBRE — North America Data Center Trends H1 2026 · 2026-08-27
- JLL — 2026 Global Data Center Outlook · 2026-01-05
- NERC — Characteristics and Risks of Emerging Large Loads (white paper) · 2025-07
- Utility Dive — ERCOT, Texas PUC data center audit · 2026-08-21
- Data Center Knowledge / Bloomberg — Data centers face seven-year wait for power hookups in Virginia · 2024-08-30
- Dominion Energy — presentation to the PJM Load Analysis Subcommittee · 2026-09-29
- arXiv:1811.10737 — measurement study of network latency · 2018-11
- Data Center Watch (10a Labs) — first report; date per Data Center Knowledge coverage · 2025-05-15
- Data Center Watch — Q2 2026 report (page undated) · accessed 2026-10-17
Powered shell vs powered land
Annual reports, an appraisal paper and trade press quoted in the explainer.
- COPT Defense Properties — Form 10-K for 2025 (SEC EDGAR) · 2026-02-20
- Landmark Infrastructure Partners — Form 10-K for 2020 (SEC EDGAR) · 2021-02-24
- Digital Realty Trust — Form 10-K for 2025 (SEC EDGAR) · 2026-02-13
- Fermi Inc. — Form 10-K for 2025 (SEC EDGAR) · 2026-03-30
- Valbridge Property Advisors — Data Center Valuation Overview · 2021-07 (upload date)
- Bisnow — Powered land: the $1M-an-acre asset fueling the data center frenzy · 2026-01-29
- Cushman & Wakefield — APAC data centre insights: turning land into value · 2026-06
- JLL — 2026 Global Data Center Outlook · 2026-01-05
- Data Center Knowledge / Bloomberg — Data centers face seven-year wait for power hookups in Virginia · 2024-08-30
Guide: How much land does a data center need?
Documents read for the guide, with the date we accessed each. Figures computed from our own tables cite those tables' sources in the groups below.
- Vantage Data Centers — Shackelford County (Frontier) campus page · accessed 2026-10-17
- Related Companies — OpenAI, Oracle and Related Digital announce Stargate data center site in Michigan (2025-10-30) · accessed 2026-10-17
- El Paso Times via AOL — Meta completes $8.5M purchase of El Paso land for proposed data center (2024-04-09) · accessed 2026-10-17
- ConstructConnect — Meta announces plans for $1.5B Texas data center in El Paso (2025-10-20) · accessed 2026-10-17
- Fortune — Meta is quietly expanding its $10 billion Hyperion AI data center (2026-02-04) · accessed 2026-10-17
- Bisnow — Meta ups investment to $50B for its largest data center project (2026-07-13) · accessed 2026-10-17
- KPEL — Richland Parish data center grows to $50 billion project (2026-07-13) · accessed 2026-10-17
- The New York Times via The Nightly — At Amazon's biggest data centre, everything is supersized for AI (2025-07-10) · accessed 2026-10-17
- Converge Digest — Microsoft unveils Fairwater AI data center in Wisconsin (2025-09-18) · accessed 2026-10-17
- Data Center Frontier — PW Digital Gateway advances as Prince William supervisors back massive project (2022-11-02) · accessed 2026-10-17
- The Piedmont Environmental Council — Putting the pieces together on Digital Gateway (2023-11-01) · accessed 2026-10-17
- Connect CRE — JK Holdings sells Leesburg land to data center investor for $615M (2025-11-07) · accessed 2026-10-17
- NEXTDC — NEXTDC acquires new Sydney data centre site S7 (2024-10-17) · accessed 2026-10-17
- W.Media — MSFusion buys US$62.3 million Johor land for data center (2025-09-03) · accessed 2026-10-17
- Plug Power — Form 8-K Exhibit 99.1, sale of Graham, Texas project to Stream (2026-07-13) · accessed 2026-10-17
- Holland & Knight — Loudoun County, Virginia, eliminates by-right data center development (2025-04-04) · accessed 2026-10-17
- TechTarget — The increasing concern of data center land acquisition (2025-08-21) · accessed 2026-10-17
- CRE Daily (citing CoStar News) — Data center campuses balloon as AI drives land (2026-10-01) · accessed 2026-10-17
- USDA NASS — Land Values 2026 Summary (2026-07-31) · accessed 2026-10-17
Data center land in Virginia
The record behind every deal, rule and program on Data center land in Virginia (16 documents).
- Northern Virginia (site not named), VA — Data Center Land Deals Surged 141% In Q1, Warping The Market For Everyone Else, Bisnow (Avison Young data) · 2026-05-28
- Leesburg (Twin Creeks), Loudoun County, VA — Data Center Sale Sets New Loudoun Price Record, Loudoun Now · 2025-11-07
- Gainesville, Prince William County, VA — In data center zone, property sells for more than $160M, Prince William Times · 2025-10-16
- Bristow (Devlin Tech Park), Prince William County, VA — Reports: Amazon Acquires Data Center Site in Northern Virginia for $700M, REBusiness Online · 2025-11-11
- Gainesville, Prince William County, VA — Microsoft acquires 124 acres in Virginia's Prince William County for $465.5m, Data Center Dynamics (citing Washington Business Journal / InsideNoVa) · 2024
- Gainesville, Prince William County, VA — Data Center Boom Pushes Prince William Land to Nearly $1M an Acre, Data Center Frontier · 2021-04-27
- Ashburn (Beaumeade), Loudoun County, VA — Digital Realty Acquires 13-Acre Property In Ashburn (comparison deal), Baxtel (quoting Washington Business Journal) · 2019-05-23
- Dulles (Western Lands), Loudoun County, VA — MWAA Announces Sale of 424 Acres of Western Lands at Dulles International, AviationPros (MWAA press release) · 2018-09-24
- Ashburn, Loudoun County, VA — Equinix Heats Up Data Center Alley's Landgrab Rush, Data Center Knowledge · 2017-02-27
- Prince William County ends by-right data centre development countywide — WTOP News — Prince William Co. supervisors vote to end by-right data center development countywide
- Prince William County ends by-right data centre development countywide — Prince William County — DPA2026-00006: Data Center Opportunity Zone Overlay District (DCOZOD)
- Loudoun County votes to pause new data centre applications for 12 months — DataCenterDynamics — Virginia's Loudoun County board votes to pause new data center applications
- Loudoun County eliminates by-right data centre development — DataCenterDynamics — Officials in Loudoun County, Virginia, axe by-right data centers
- Fairfax County adopts stricter data centre zoning standards — Fairfax County — Board of Supervisors Approves New Data Center Zoning Ordinance Amendment
- Dominion Energy pauses new data centre connections in eastern Loudoun County — DataCenterDynamics — Dominion to resume connecting new Loudoun data centers, but capacity still limited
- Data center retail sales and use tax exemption (Va. Code § 58.1-609.3(18)) — Code of Virginia — § 58.1-609.3 Commercial and industrial exemptions
Campus footprints (13 campuses, compiled 2026-10-17)
Site area, power and floor area for data center campuses where a public document states them. Each row's document is below; the table is also downloadable as CSV and JSON.
- Shackelford County (Frontier) data center campus — Vantage Data Centers · campus page
- OpenAI, Oracle, and Related Digital announce Stargate data center site in Michigan — Related Companies (press release) · 2025-10-30
- Meta completes $8.5M purchase of El Paso land for proposed data center — El Paso Times (via AOL) · 2024-04-09
- Meta announces plans for $1.5B Texas data center in El Paso — ConstructConnect · 2025-10-20
- Meta is quietly expanding its $10 billion Hyperion AI data center — Fortune · 2026-02-04
- Meta ups investment to $50B for its largest data center project — Bisnow · 2026-07-13
- Richland Parish data center grows to $50 billion project — KPEL · 2026-07-13
- At Amazon's biggest data centre, everything is supersized for AI (The New York Times) — The New York Times via The Nightly · 2025-07-10
- Microsoft unveils Fairwater AI data center in Wisconsin — Converge Digest · 2025-09-18
- PW Digital Gateway advances as Prince William supervisors back massive project — Data Center Frontier · 2022-11-02
- JK Holdings sells Leesburg land to data center investor for $615M — Connect CRE (citing Washington Business Journal) · 2025-11-07
- Putting the pieces together on Digital Gateway — The Piedmont Environmental Council · 2023-11-01
- NEXTDC acquires new Sydney data centre site S7 — NEXTDC (company release) · 2024-10-17
- MSFusion buys US$62.3 million Johor land for data center — W.Media · 2025-09-03
- Plug Power Form 8-K Exhibit 99.1 (press release) — Plug Power / SEC EDGAR · 2026-07-13
Tax-incentive programs (47, updated 2026-10-05)
- Alabama, United States — Alabama Data Processing Center Economic Incentive Enhancement Act (2012): CSG South — Take That for Data: Incentivizing Innovation or Inefficiency?; Bloomberg Tax — Alabama Provides Data Processing Center Abatement Periods
- Arizona, United States — Computer Data Center tax relief (A.R.S. § 41-1519): Arizona Legislature — A.R.S. § 41-1519 Computer data center tax relief
- Arkansas, United States — Qualified Data Center / Qualified Large Data Center sales and use tax exemption (Act 548 of 2025): Kutak Rock — Expansion of the Sales and Use Tax Data Center Exemption by Act 548 of 2025; CSG South — Take That for Data: Incentivizing Innovation or Inefficiency?
- Connecticut, United States — Incentives for Qualified Data Centers (Public Act 21-1): Connecticut General Assembly OLR — Public Act 21-1 Summary
- Florida, United States — Data center property sales tax exemption (s. 212.08(5)(s), F.S.; amended by H.B. 7031 of 2025): Forvis Mazars — Significant Tax Changes Enacted in Florida; Cornell LII — Fla. Admin. Code R. 12A-1.108 Exemption for Data Center Property
- Georgia, United States — High-Technology Data Center Equipment sales and use tax exemption (O.C.G.A. § 48-8-3(68.1)): Georgia Department of Audits and Accounts — Tax Incentive Evaluation: Georgia Data Center Sales & Use Tax Exemption; Georgia Department of Revenue — Data Centers Sales & Use Tax Exemption: Aggregate Expenditures by County; Alston & Bird — Georgia General Assembly Proposes Bills to Curb Sales Tax Exemptions Used by Data Centers
- Idaho, United States — Data center sales tax exemption (Idaho Code § 63-3622VV): FindLaw — Idaho Code § 63-3622VV
- Illinois, United States — Data Center Investment Program: Illinois DCEO — Data Centers Investment Program
- Indiana, United States — Data Center Gross Retail and Use Tax Exemption (IC 6-2.5-15): Indiana Economic Development Corporation — Data Center Sales Tax Exemption
- Iowa, United States — Data Center Sales and Use Tax Incentives (Iowa Code §§ 423.3(95), 423.4(7)-(8)): Iowa Department of Revenue — Data Center Sales and Use Tax Incentives
- Kansas, United States — SB 98 Data Center Sales Tax Exemption: Kansas Department of Commerce — SB 98 Data Center Sales Tax Exemption
- Kentucky, United States — Qualified Data Center Project Incentive Program (KRS 154.20-220 et seq.): Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development — Qualified Data Center Project Incentive Program Fact Sheet; Stites & Harbison — Kentucky Vastly Expands Data Center Tax Incentives
- Maryland, United States — Data Center Maryland Sales and Use Tax Exemption Incentive Program: Maryland Department of Commerce — Data Center Maryland Sales and Use Tax Exemption Incentive Program; WYPR — Maryland Gov. Wes Moore creates data center review task force, wants to end tax exemption
- Michigan, United States — Enterprise Data Center Sales and Use Tax Exemption: Michigan Economic Development Corporation — Enterprise Data Center Sales and Use Tax Exemption Guidelines
- Minnesota, United States — Qualified Data Center sales tax exemption: Minnesota Department of Revenue — Qualified Data Centers
- Minnesota, United States — Qualified Large-Scale Data Center sales tax exemption (Laws 2025, ch. 12): Minnesota House of Representatives — New Laws 2025: data centers; Minnesota Department of Revenue — Qualified Data Centers
- Mississippi, United States — Data center sales/use, income and franchise tax exemptions (S.B. 2271, Laws 2019): Sales Tax Institute — Mississippi Amends and Creates Data Center Exemptions
- Missouri, United States — Data Center Sales Tax Exemption Program (RSMo § 144.810): Missouri Revisor of Statutes — RSMo § 144.810; Missouri Department of Economic Development — Data Center Sales Tax Exemption Program
- Montana, United States — Class seventeen property — qualified data centers (MCA 15-6-162): Montana Code Annotated — 15-6-162 Class seventeen property
- Nebraska, United States — Data center sales and use tax exemption (Neb. Rev. Stat. § 77-2704.62) and personal property tax exemption: Nebraska Department of Revenue — 2026 Nebraska Legislative Changes
- Nevada, United States — Nevada Data Center Tax Abatements (NRS 360.754): Nevada GOED — Nevada Data Center Tax Abatements (NRS 360.754)
- New Jersey, United States — Next New Jersey Program – AI: NJEDA — NJEDA Now Accepting Applications for Next NJ Program – AI; Bloomberg Tax — New Jersey Enacts End Data Center Tax Credits Act; Greenbaum, Rowe, Smith & Davis — New Jersey EDA's Next NJ Program – AI
- North Carolina, United States — Qualifying datacenter / eligible Internet datacenter sales and use tax exemptions: EY Tax News — North Carolina repeals sales and use tax exemption for electricity used at qualifying data centers; Grant Thornton — North Carolina and Virginia address taxation of data centers
- North Dakota, United States — Data center sales tax exemption (N.D.C.C. § 57-39.2-04.17): North Dakota Office of State Tax Commissioner — Sales Tax Exemptions & Incentives
- Ohio, United States — Computer data center sales tax exemption (Ohio Tax Credit Authority): WSAZ — Ohio Gov. DeWine announces a pause on data center tax exemption requests; Signal Ohio — 2 Ohio data centers get $42M tax break before pause
- Oklahoma, United States — Oklahoma data center sales tax and property tax exemptions: Oklahoma Department of Commerce — Oklahoma Data Center Industry Tax Incentives
- Pennsylvania, United States — Computer Data Center Equipment Exemption Program: Pennsylvania Department of Revenue — Computer Data Center Equipment Exemption Program Guidelines; Pennsylvania Department of Revenue — Computer Data Center Equipment Program
- South Carolina, United States — Datacenter sales and use tax exemption (S.C. Code § 12-36-2120(79)): South Carolina Department of Revenue — Revenue Ruling #13-5: Datacenter exemption
- Tennessee, United States — Qualified data center sales and use tax exemption: CSG South — Take That for Data: Incentivizing Innovation or Inefficiency?
- Texas, United States — Qualifying Data Center state sales tax exemption: Texas Comptroller — Data Centers
- Texas, United States — Qualifying Large Data Center Project state sales tax exemption: Texas Comptroller — Data Centers
- Utah, United States — Qualifying data center sales and use tax exemption (Utah Code § 59-12-104(84)): Utah Legislature, Office of Legislative Research and General Counsel — Data Centers policy brief (2026)
- Virginia, United States — Data center retail sales and use tax exemption (Va. Code § 58.1-609.3(18)): Code of Virginia — § 58.1-609.3 Commercial and industrial exemptions
- Washington, United States — Rural county data center sales and use tax exemption (RCW 82.08.986): Washington State Legislature — RCW 82.08.986
- Washington, United States — Data center sales and use tax exemption for counties over 800,000 population (RCW 82.08.9861): Washington State Legislature — RCW 82.08.9861
- Wisconsin, United States — Data Center Sales and Use Tax Exemption: WEDC — Data Center Sales and Use Tax Exemption
- Wyoming, United States — Data processing services center sales tax exemption (W.S. § 39-15-105(a)(viii)(S)): FindLaw — Wyoming Statutes § 39-15-105; Wyoming Legislature — Wyoming Business Council: Data Center Sales Tax Exemption
- Malaysia — Digital Ecosystem Acceleration Scheme (DESAC) — Digital Infrastructure Providers: MIDA — Malaysia All Geared Up To Become A Hub For Digital Investments; MIDA — Sustainable Infrastructure, Local Impact
- Thailand — BOI investment promotion — Data center (activity 8.2.1): Tilleke & Gibbins — Data Center Investments under Thailand's Updated Incentive Criteria; Thailand Board of Investment — Investment Promotion Guide 2025
- India — Union Budget 2026–27 tax holiday for foreign cloud providers using India-based data centres: Press Information Bureau — Budget 2026–27 Sets the Stage for India as a Global Hub for Cloud and AI Infrastructure
- Uttar Pradesh, India — Uttar Pradesh Data Centre Policy 2026: Invest UP — Uttar Pradesh Data Centre Policy 2026; Invest UP — Uttar Pradesh Data Centre Policy 2021
- Tamil Nadu, India — Tamil Nadu Data Centre Policy 2021: Guidance Tamil Nadu — Data Centre sector; Guidance Tamil Nadu — Tamil Nadu Data Centre Policy 2021
- Brazil — REDATA — Regime Especial de Tributação para Serviços de Datacenter (Medida Provisória nº 1.318/2025): Presidência da República (Planalto) — Medida Provisória nº 1.318, de 17 de setembro de 2025; Presidência da República (Planalto) — Lei nº 11.196/2005 (consolidated text)
- France — Reduced electricity excise rate for data storage centres (art. L. 312-70 CIBS, formerly TICFE): Ministère de la Transition écologique — Guide 2026 sur la fiscalité des énergies
- Finland — Electricity tax class II for data centres: Verohallinto — Sähkövero
- United Kingdom — AI Growth Zones — electricity cost discount: GOV.UK — Delivering AI Growth Zones
- Saudi Arabia — Cloud Computing Special Economic Zone: ECZA — Cloud Computing Special Economic Zone
Moratoria and grid restrictions (61, updated 2026-10-05)
- Ireland — CRU direction on assessing data centre grid connections (CRU/21/124): CRU — Direction to the System Operators related to Data Centre grid connection processing (CRU/21/124)
- Dublin, Ireland — EirGrid stops accepting new data centre connection applications in Dublin: DataCenterDynamics — EirGrid says no new applications for data centers in Dublin until 2028
- South Dublin, Ireland — South Dublin council bans data centres in development plan; minister overturns it: DataCenterDynamics — Irish government tells South Dublin council to reverse ban on data centers; DataCenterDynamics — Dublin Council folds to ministerial order to overturn data center ban
- Ireland — CRU Large Energy Users connection policy for new data centres (CRU/2025236): CRU — Large Energy Users Connection Policy, Decision Paper CRU/2025236
- Amsterdam / Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands — Amsterdam and Haarlemmermeer pause permits for new data centres: DataCenterDynamics — Amsterdam data center pause could end 'by mid-2020'; DataCenterDynamics — The Netherlands' Hollands Kroon wants to pause hyperscale data center developments
- Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands — Haarlemmermeer board backs policy limiting data centres to designated business parks: DataCenterDynamics — Haarlemmermeer and Amsterdam get closer to lifting data center moratorium, with restrictions
- Netherlands — Nine-month national hold on new hyperscale data centre applications: DataCenterDynamics — Dutch government halts hyperscale data centers, pending new rules
- Netherlands — Decree bars hyperscale data centres across the Netherlands except two municipalities: Staatsblad 2023, 492 — Besluit van 20 december 2023 (instructieregel hyperscale datacentra)
- Amsterdam, Netherlands — Amsterdam stops allowing new data centres and expansions: NL Times — Amsterdam not allowing any more data centers in the municipality
- Singapore — Singapore pauses approval of new data centres: DataCenterDynamics — Singapore authorities invite applications for new data centers
- Singapore — Pilot Data Centre Call for Application replaces the moratorium: DataCenterDynamics — Singapore authorities invite applications for new data centers; DataCenterDynamics — Singapore opens call to develop 200MW of data center capacity
- Singapore — Green Data Centre Roadmap ties new capacity to efficiency and green energy: DataCenterDynamics — Singapore to unlock 300MW of data center capacity through industry energy efficiency initiatives
- Singapore — Second Data Centre Call for Application (DC-CFA2) offers at least 200 MW: DataCenterDynamics — Singapore opens call to develop 200MW of data center capacity
- Frankfurt am Main, Germany — Frankfurt steers colocation and cloud data centres into designated suitability areas: DataCenterDynamics — Frankfurt updates its plans for environmental data center zoning; DataCenterDynamics — Frankfurt to regulate data centers
- Germany — Energy Efficiency Act (EnEfG) sets PUE and waste-heat rules for data centres: DataCenterDynamics — Germany passes Energy Efficiency Act, with data center restrictions
- West London (Hillingdon, Ealing, Hounslow), United Kingdom — West London grid reaches capacity; new connections told to wait until 2035: DataCenterDynamics — Report: Home building to halt in West London, due to data center power demands; London Assembly — Data Centres delay housing delivery
- Scotland, United Kingdom — Scotland holds planning decisions on data centres over 50 MW pending new guidance: DataCenterDynamics — Scotland's parliament backs de facto, temporary, moratorium on new hyperscale data centers
- Denmark — Energinet pauses new transmission grid connection agreements: DataCenterDynamics — Danish grid operator introduces three-month moratorium for new grid connections; Energinet — Energinet indfører ny model for større tilslutninger
- Denmark — Energinet replaces first-come connections with batch model; no new deals before autumn: Energinet — Energinet indfører ny model for større tilslutninger og vil først underskrive nye nettilslutningsaftaler til efteråret
- Norway — Norway requires data centres to register with the telecom regulator: DataCenterDynamics — Norway's data centers given till July to comply with new registration rules; DataCenterDynamics — Norway plans law to close the door on cryptomining data centers
- Sweden — Sweden abolishes reduced electricity tax for data centres: Skatteverket — Slopad skattenedsättning för datorhallar
- Finland — Finland moves data centres to the general electricity tax category: Finnish Government — Government safeguards Finland's competitiveness in attracting data centre investments; Computer Weekly — Finland government tax proposal worries datacentre investors
- Northern Taiwan (north of Taoyuan), Taiwan — Taiwan stops approving data centres above 5 MW north of Taoyuan: DataCenterDynamics — Taiwan to stop large data centers in the North, cites insufficient power
- South Korea — Distributed Energy Act introduces grid impact assessment for loads of 10 MW or more: The Korea Times — Special thanks to Distributed Energy Act
- Johor, Malaysia — Johor sets up committee to vet data centre applications on water and power: Malay Mail — Official: Johor snubbed 30pc of data centre bids for not meeting sustainability goals; DataCenterDynamics — Proposals for non-AI data centers rejected for almost two years, says Malaysian PM
- Johor, Malaysia — Johor halts approvals for Tier 1 and Tier 2 data centres over water use: W.Media — Johor stops approving Tier 1 and Tier 2 data centers due to water 'overuse'
- Malaysia — Malaysia confirms new non-AI data centre applications have been stopped: DataCenterDynamics — Proposals for non-AI data centers rejected for almost two years, says Malaysian PM
- Thailand — Thailand pauses 166 data centre projects while national standards are written: The Nation Thailand — Thailand pauses 166 data centre projects to rewrite rules; DataCenterDynamics — Thailand pauses construction on 49 data centers, as it plans new regulations
- China — China tells local governments to stop disorderly data centre development: DataCenterDynamics — China says local government should stop "blind and disorderly development" of data centers to hit green targets
- Australia — AEMC draft rule sets technical connection standards for data centres of 30 MW or more: AEMC — AEMC proposes new grid standards for data centre connections
- Loudoun County, Virginia, United States — Dominion Energy pauses new data centre connections in eastern Loudoun County: DataCenterDynamics — Dominion to resume connecting new Loudoun data centers, but capacity still limited
- Chandler, Arizona, United States — Chandler restricts data centres to PAD zoning with noise and notification rules: City of Chandler — Chandler's data center ordinance now in effect
- Central Ohio, United States — AEP Ohio pauses new data centre service requests in central Ohio: POWER Magazine — Regulator Approves AEP Ohio's Landmark Data Center Tariff; PUCO — PUCO orders AEP Ohio to create data center specific tariff
- Ohio (AEP Ohio territory), United States — PUCO approves AEP Ohio data centre tariff with 85% minimum demand charge: PUCO — PUCO orders AEP Ohio to create data center specific tariff; POWER Magazine — Regulator Approves AEP Ohio's Landmark Data Center Tariff
- Georgia, United States — Georgia governor vetoes bill suspending data centre sales tax exemptions: DataCenterDynamics — Georgia governor vetoes bill to pause data center tax breaks
- Fairfax County, Virginia, United States — Fairfax County adopts stricter data centre zoning standards: Fairfax County — Board of Supervisors Approves New Data Center Zoning Ordinance Amendment
- Atlanta, Georgia, United States — Atlanta bans data centres near the Beltline and MARTA rail stations: DataCenterDynamics — Atlanta City Council passes rules limiting data center locations
- Marana, Arizona, United States — Marana bars potable water for data centre cooling and requires rezoning: KGUN 9 — Marana's data center ordinance
- Georgia, United States — Georgia PSC rule lets Georgia Power bill loads over 100 MW for their grid costs: Capitol Beat News Service — Georgia PSC passes rule for data centers' power usage
- Loudoun County, Virginia, United States — Loudoun County eliminates by-right data centre development: DataCenterDynamics — Officials in Loudoun County, Virginia, axe by-right data centers
- Douglas County, Georgia, United States — Douglas County imposes 90-day moratorium on new data centres: FOX 5 Atlanta — Douglas County imposes 90-day halt on data centers
- Coweta County, Georgia, United States — Coweta County adopts 180-day data centre moratorium: Atlanta News First — Coweta County puts moratorium on proposed data center
- Texas, United States — Texas SB 6 sets interconnection, cost and curtailment rules for loads of 75 MW or more: Texas Legislature Online — SB 6 bill history (89th Legislature); DataCenterDynamics — Texas Governor approves bill mandating data centers to contribute to costs of interconnection
- Oregon, United States — Oregon POWER Act creates separate rate class for users of 20 MW or more: OPB — Oregon Legislature passes 'POWER Act,' targeting industrial energy users like data centers; State of Oregon Newsroom — Governor Kotek Signs Bills to Lower Energy Costs for Oregonians
- Phoenix, Arizona, United States — Phoenix requires a special permit for new data centres: City of Phoenix — City of Phoenix Updates Zoning to Safeguard Health and Safety as Data Center Growth Accelerates
- Tucson, Arizona, United States — Tucson requires council approval and conservation plans for large water users: AZ Luminaria — After Project Blue outcry, Tucson adopts rules for large water users; AZPM — Tucson passes ordinance regulating large water users after data center debate
- St. Charles, Missouri, United States — St. Charles adopts one-year moratorium on data centre applications: St. Louis Public Radio — St. Charles City Council unanimously passes a 1 year ban on data center applications
- Troup County, Georgia, United States — Troup County approves 90-day moratorium on data centre applications: FOX 5 Atlanta — Troup County's 90-day pause on data centers
- Madison, Wisconsin, United States — Madison pauses zoning approvals for data centres over 10,000 sq ft: City of Madison — Temporary Data Center Moratorium
- Monterey Park, California, United States — Monterey Park extends data centre moratorium and sends permanent ban to voters: City of Monterey Park — City Council Places Data Center Prohibition on June 2 Ballot
- Maine, United States — Maine governor vetoes 18-month moratorium on data centres over 20 MW: WBUR — Gov. Janet Mills vetoes moratorium on data center development in Maine
- Denver, Colorado, United States — Denver adopts one-year moratorium on new data centre permits: City and County of Denver — Data Centers in Denver; DataCenterDynamics — Denver City Council passes one-year data center moratorium
- Lyon Township, Michigan, United States — Lyon Township enacts 180-day data centre moratorium: Michigan Public — Michigan communities are putting moratoriums on data centers. The clock is ticking.
- Prince George's County, Maryland, United States — Prince George's County passes two-year moratorium on hyperscale data centres: WTOP News — Two-year moratorium on data center development passes in Prince George's Co.
- New York, United States — New York pauses state permits for new hyperscale data centres (Executive Order 62): Governor of New York — First Statewide Moratorium on New Hyperscale Data Centers Launched by Governor Kathy Hochul
- Pasco, Washington, United States — Pasco approves six-month moratorium on data centre development permits: DataCenterDynamics — Council in Pasco, Washington, unanimously approves six-month data center moratorium
- Lochbuie, Colorado, United States — Lochbuie passes five-year moratorium on data centres: DataCenterDynamics — Town of Lochbuie, Colorado, passes five-year data center moratorium
- Indianapolis / Marion County, Indiana, United States — Indianapolis pauses new data centres in Marion County through 2027: WFYI — New data centers temporarily banned in Marion County; WFYI — Indy council advances pause on data centers, sends to commission for final approval
- Steuben County, Indiana, United States — Steuben County formalises six-month moratorium on data centre construction: KPC News (The Herald Republican) — Commissioners approve data center moratorium
- Loudoun County, Virginia, United States — Loudoun County votes to pause new data centre applications for 12 months: DataCenterDynamics — Virginia's Loudoun County board votes to pause new data center applications
- Prince William County, Virginia, United States — Prince William County ends by-right data centre development countywide: WTOP News — Prince William Co. supervisors vote to end by-right data center development countywide; Prince William County — DPA2026-00006: Data Center Opportunity Zone Overlay District (DCOZOD)
Archival plats and photos (8)
All images are in the public domain; the licence basis is given for each. Our copies are cropped and printed in two inks of the site palette; the originals are unaltered at the holding institution.
- Transmission line towers and high tension lines that carry current generated at TVA's Wilson Dam hydroelectric plant, near Sheffield, Ala.. Alfred T. Palmer, U.S. Office of War Information, 1942-06. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Color Photographs (LC-DIG-fsac-1a35249).Public domain (work of the U.S. federal government). Library of Congress rights advisory: No known restrictions on publication.Used on: Home · file we copied
- Map of Township 1S., Range 39W. of the 6th P.M., from Standard atlas of Cheyenne County, Kansas. Brock & Company, 1928. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, County Landownership Maps (G1458.C45 B7 1928).Public domain in the United States: published in 1928, so its U.S. copyright term has expired (works published before 1931).Used on: Home, How much land does a data center need? · file we copied
- Alternating strips of alfalfa and oats with corn on the contour protects this crop field in Jasper County, Iowa from soil erosion (NRCSIA99360). Erwin Cole, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, not published (gallery upload 2011). USDA NRCS Photo Gallery, Iowa (item 3413).Public domain (work of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, NRCS Photo Gallery).Used on: List your land
- United States Land Surveys, Diagram 4, from Standard atlas of Harper County, Kansas. Geo. A. Ogle & Co., 1895 (diagram copyright); atlas published 1902. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, County Landownership Maps (G1458.H3 G4 1902).Public domain: published in the United States in 1902, more than 95 years ago.Used on: List your land · file we copied
- Township 14 North, Range 3 West, Gila and Salt River Meridian. Soloman W. Foreman, deputy surveyor; John Hasson, Surveyor General (Surveyor General's Office, Tucson), 1871-10-20. U.S. General Land Office survey plats (BLM GLO Records, plat 196539).Public domain (work of the U.S. federal government, General Land Office).Used on: Land-price guide
- An upstream small dam, terraces, buffer strips, grass plantings and other conservation measures are part of a project designed to improve the quality of water entering Union Grove Lake in Tama County, Iowa (NRCSIA99083). Tim McCabe, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, not published (gallery upload 2011). USDA NRCS Photo Gallery, Iowa (item 2867).Public domain (work of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, NRCS Photo Gallery).Used on: Land-price guide
- Switch yard at TVA's Wilson Dam hydroelectric plant, vicinity of Sheffield, Ala., 260 miles above the mouth of the Tennessee River. Alfred T. Palmer, U.S. Office of War Information, 1942-06. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Color Photographs (LC-DIG-fsac-1a35265).Public domain (work of the U.S. federal government). Library of Congress rights advisory: No known restrictions on publication.Used on: Site selection guide · file we copied
- Rural Electrification Act -- East Kentucky Power Cooperative (20260407-USDA-RD-KY-GT-0105). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, 2026-04-07. USDA Flickr stream (photo 55281387739).Public domain (work of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; marked Public Domain on Flickr).Used on: Powered shell vs powered land · file we copied